Science & Technology

Understanding light-driven production of hydrogen could unlock future insights for harnessing light for chemistry

Megan Maneval — Fri, 13 Jun 2025 14:52:09 +0000

Understanding light-driven production of hydrogen could unlock future insights for harnessing light for chemistry Megan Maneval Fri, 06/13/2025 - 08:52

Improved understanding of the light-driven production of hydrogen holds the promise not just to make the reaction more efficient in producing a fuel but also to offer a framework to better understand future light-driven chemistries.

Traditional

White

A common heart failure treatment comes with high risk of stroke. But a new discovery could make it safer

Amber Elise Carlson — Wed, 11 Jun 2025 23:47:51 +0000

A common heart failure treatment comes with high risk of stroke. But a new discovery could make it safer Amber Elise Carlson Wed, 06/11/2025 - 17:47

Amber Carlson

For people with advanced heart failure, left ventricular assist devices, or LVADs, can be a literal lifesaver.

The implantable devices, which improve blood flow throughout the body, are often the last treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure. More than 14,000 people have one, and with heart failure impacting 26 million people globally, their use is likely to grow.

Yet they come with risks: Compared to the general population, people with LVADs face an 11% to 47% higher risk of developing blood clots that can travel to the brain and cause a stroke.

Debanjan Mukherjee, center, speaks with research assistant Ricardo Roopnarinesingh, left, and graduate student Nick Rovito, right, in Mukherjee's computing lab. The digital twins from this study are displayed on the screen at right. (Credit: Patrick Campbell)

It’s not clear why some LVAD patients have strokes while others don’t. But a new study led by engineers and researchers at CU 51��ý, CU Anschutz and the University of Washington suggests the answer could lie in hemodynamics—the patterns of blood flow within the body.

The researchers created “digital twins” of real patients with LVADs to map their blood flow. Their findings revealed new insights into how strokes might emerge.

“We are in an age where there is quite a bit of data that we have access to, and we know a lot about how fluid moves through the arteries and veins,” said Debanjan Mukherjee, senior author of the study and assistant professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering at CU 51��ý. “We are looking at blood flow patterns as information that currently is not incorporated in clinical practice.”

Engineering concepts like fluid dynamics can offer a unique lens for looking at complex medical issues and provide information that other diagnostic tools might miss, the authors said.

“Knowledge gained from this study can help us develop patient-specific implant techniques to reduce the likelihood of stroke in patients with durable LVADs,” said Jay Pal, professor and chief of cardiac surgery at the University of Washington, and a co-author of the study.

Heart failure, LVADs and the risk of stroke

The above illustration shows a human heart with an LVAD attached. The pumping mechanism pushes blood up and into the aorta, where it is distributed to the rest of the body. (Credit: Blausen Medical Communications, Inc., CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons)

The body relies on a constant supply of fresh blood and oxygen to function. Heart failure occurs when the heart can no longer pump the amount of blood the rest of the body needs.

During a healthy heartbeat, the left ventricle of the heart constricts and pushes blood into the arteries, where it travels to the body’s organs, muscles and bones.

But in people with heart failure, the left ventricle can become weak and ineffective. An LVAD attaches directly to the heart, bypasses the left ventricle and pumps blood straight into the aorta, the biggest artery in the body.

LVADs can help patients live longer, healthier lives, but they can also raise the risk of blood clots. When blood stagnates in areas like the left ventricle, clots can easily form there and enter major blood vessels.

These clots can travel through the body and land in a variety of places, but the arteries supplying blood to the brain are an especially dangerous spot. Clots that get stuck there can restrict or cut off blood flow to parts of the brain and cause a stroke.

In the current study, supported by the National Institutes of Health and CU’s AB Nexus initiative, Mukherjee and his colleagues explored whether different blood flow patterns in people with LVADs could explain who does and doesn’t get strokes.

To answer this question, the research team, led by former graduate student Akshita Sahni of CU 51��ý, collected data from 12 people with LVADs. Six had developed strokes after their LVAD implantation, and six had not.

The group created 3D digital twins of each LVAD patient using detailed imaging of the aorta, nearby blood vessels and the part of the LVAD that attaches to it. The researchers also integrated individual’s clinical information, such as blood pressure and heart rate, into the models.

“We are basically digitally recreating something that's going on inside the body,” Mukherjee said.

Using the twins, the group was able to estimate the patterns of blood flow through each person’s aorta. They also simulated how blood might flow through the same people before they got their LVADs.

The researchers found differences in blood flow patterns between the patients who had strokes and those who did not, both before and after they had LVADs implanted.

The team also found the LVADs changed the blood flow patterns in each patient, creating a “jet” that pushed blood into the aorta at a different angle than normal blood flow from the heart.

What this means for the future

Such differences in blood flow could help shed light on LVAD patients’ risk level for stroke. For example, varied blood flow patterns might make some people more prone to areas of stagnation, where blood platelets may more easily stick onto gel-like networks of proteins in the blood and form clots.

The findings could help improve treatments and outcomes for people with heart failure. With this information, health care providers can personalize how they surgically implant and monitor LVADs in their patients. They might also be able to anticipate their patients’ level of risk and provide more customized treatments for each person.

Mukherjee and his collaborators are planning additional research on the topic, but he emphasized that some of this work will only be possible with federal support and funding.

“In these times, it is important to remember how much federal agency support means to getting studies like these completed and developed further,” he said.

Other co-authors of the study from CU 51��ý included postdoctoral researcher Sreeparna Majee and undergraduate student Kelly Cao. Physician assistant and instructor Erin E. McIntyre at CU Anschutz was also a co-author.

Beyond the story

Our bioscience impact by the numbers:

Top 7% university for National Science Foundation research funding
No. 30 global university system granted U.S. patents
89-plus biotech startups with roots at CU 51��ý in past 20 years

Follow CU 51��ý on LinkedIn

Studying patient blood flow patterns could help determine who’s at risk of dangerous side effects from left ventricular assist devices and lead to improvements that could make them safer, new research suggests.

Traditional

White

New quantum navigation device uses atoms to measure acceleration in 3D

Daniel William Strain — Wed, 11 Jun 2025 17:00:38 +0000

New quantum navigation device uses atoms to measure acceleration in 3D Daniel William… Wed, 06/11/2025 - 11:00

Daniel Strain

Kendall Mehling, left, and Catie LeDesma, right, with a new kind of atom "interferometer" on the CU 51��ý campus. (Credit: Glenn Asakawa/CU 51��ý)

In a new study, physicists at the University of Colorado 51��ý have used a cloud of atoms chilled down to incredibly cold temperatures to simultaneously measure acceleration in three dimensions—a feat that many scientists didn’t think was possible.

The device, a new type of atom “interferometer,” could one day help people navigate submarines, spacecraft, cars and other vehicles more precisely.

“Traditional atom interferometers can only measure acceleration in a single dimension, but we live within a three-dimensional world,” said Kendall Mehling, a co-author of the new study and a graduate student in the Department of Physics at CU 51��ý. “To know where I'm going, and to know where I’ve been, I need to track my acceleration in all three dimensions.”

The researchers published their paper, titled “Vector atom accelerometry in an optical lattice,” this month in the journal Science Advances. The team included Mehling; Catie LeDesma, a postdoctoral researcher in physics; and Murray Holland, professor of physics and fellow of JILA, a joint research institute between CU 51��ý and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

In 2023, NASA awarded the CU 51��ý researchers a $5.5 million grant through the agency’s Quantum Pathways Institute to continue developing the sensor technology.

The new device is a marvel of engineering: Holland and his colleagues employ six lasers as thin as a human hair to pin a cloud of tens of thousands of rubidium atoms in place. Then, with help from artificial intelligence, they manipulate those lasers in complex patterns—allowing the team to measure the behavior of the atoms as they react to small accelerations, like pressing the gas pedal down in your car.

Today, most vehicles track acceleration using GPS and traditional, or “classical,” electronic devices known as accelerometers. The team’s quantum device has a long way to go before it can compete with these tools. But the researchers see a lot of promise for navigation technology based on atoms.

From left to right, Kendall Mehling, Murray Holland and Catie LeDesma in their lab at CU 51��ý. (Credit: Glenn Asakawa/CU 51��ý)

“If you leave a classical sensor out in different environments for years, it will age and decay,” Mehling said. “The springs in your clock will change and warp. Atoms don’t age.”

Fingerprints of motion

Interferometers, in some form or another, have been around for centuries—and they’ve been used to do everything from transporting information over optical fibers to searching for gravitational waves, or ripples in the fabric of the universe.

The general idea involves splitting things apart and bringing them back together, not unlike unzipping, then zipping back up a jacket.

In laser interferometry, for example, scientists first shine a laser light, then split it into two, identical beams that travel over two separate paths. Eventually, they bring the beams back together. If the lasers have experienced diverging effects along their journeys, such as gravity acting in different ways, they may not mesh perfectly when they recombine. Put differently, the zipper might get stuck. Researchers can make measurements based on how the two beams, once identical, now interfere with each other—hence the name.

In the current study, the team achieved the same feat, but with atoms instead of light.

Here’s how it works: The device currently fits on a bench about the size of an air hockey table. First, the researchers cool a collection of rubidium atoms down to temperatures just a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

In that frigid realm, the atoms form a mysterious quantum state of matter known as a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). Carl Wieman, then a physicist at CU 51��ý, and Eric Cornell of JILA won a Nobel Prize in 2001 for creating the first BEC.

Next, the team uses laser light to jiggle the atoms, splitting them apart. In this case, that doesn’t mean that groups of atoms are separating. Instead, each individual atom exists in a ghostly quantum state called a superposition, in which it can be simultaneously in two places at the same time.

When the atoms split and separate, those ghosts travel away from each other following two different paths. (In the current experiment, the researchers didn’t actually move the device itself but used lasers to push on the atoms, causing acceleration).

“Our Bose-Einstein Condensate is a matter-wave pond made of atoms, and we throw stones made of little packets of light into the pond, sending ripples both left and right,” Holland said. “Once the ripples have spread out, we reflect them and bring them back together where they interfere.”

When the atoms snap back together, they form a unique pattern, just like the two beams of laser light zipping together but more complex. The result resembles a thumb print on a glass.

“We can decode that fingerprint and extract the acceleration that the atoms experienced,” Holland said.

Planning with computers

The group spent almost three years building the device to achieve this feat.

“For what it is, the current experimental device is incredibly compact. Even though we have 18 laser beams passing through the vacuum system that contains our atom cloud, the entire experiment is small enough that we could deploy in the field one day,” LeDesma said.

One of the secrets to that success comes down to an artificial intelligence technique called machine learning. Holland explained that splitting and recombining the rubidium atoms requires adjusting the lasers through a complex, multi-step process. To streamline the process, the group trained a computer program that can plan out those moves in advance.

So far, the device can only measure accelerations several thousand times smaller than the force of Earth’s gravity. Currently available technologies can do a lot better.

But the group is continuing to improve its engineering and hopes to increase the performance of its quantum device many times over in the coming years. Still, the technology is a testament to just how useful atoms can be.

“We’re not exactly sure of all the possible ramifications of this research, because it opens up a door,” Holland said.

Beyond the story

Our quantum impact by the numbers:

60-plus years as the regional epicenter for quantum research
4 Nobel prizes in physics awarded to university researchers
No. 11 quantum physics program in the nation and co-leader on the new Quantum Incubator facility

Follow CU 51��ý on LinkedIn

A new quantum device could one day help spacecraft travel beyond Earth's orbit or aid submarines as they navigate deep under the ocean with more precision than ever before.

Traditional

White

Tree rings offer clues to small-population growth

Megan Maneval — Wed, 11 Jun 2025 15:11:07 +0000

Tree rings offer clues to small-population growth Megan Maneval Wed, 06/11/2025 - 09:11

Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine

In a recently published paper, doctoral student Ellen Waddle and her coauthors provide some clarity on a decades-old problem.

Traditional

White

Robots and chemistry aren't just a fun combo—for Carson Bruns, they're the future

Megan Maneval — Wed, 11 Jun 2025 15:01:00 +0000

Robots and chemistry aren't just a fun combo—for Carson Bruns, they're the future Megan Maneval Wed, 06/11/2025 - 09:01

College of Engineering and Applied Science

Assistant Professor Carson Bruns is leading the charge on an NSF-funded project that he and his team like to call "robochemistry." Their goal is to create robotic sidekicks that can assist chemists with burdensome or unsafe tasks routinely encountered in a wet lab. But that's not all.

Traditional

White

To 'democratize' AI, make it work more like a human brain

Daniel William Strain — Thu, 05 Jun 2025 19:57:51 +0000

To 'democratize' AI, make it work more like a human brain Daniel William… Thu, 06/05/2025 - 13:57

Daniel Strain

Credit: Adobe Stock

Since the launch of ChatGPT in 2022, AI platforms based on a computer science approach called “deep learning” have spread to every corner of society—they’re in your emails, on recipe sites and in social media posts from politicians.

That popularity, however, has also brought an unexpected twist, said Alvaro Velasquez, assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science at CU 51��ý: The smarter AI gets, the less accessible it becomes.

According to one estimate, Google spent nearly $190 million training its latest chatbot, known as Gemini. That price tag doesn’t include the computer chips, labor and maintenance to keep Gemini running 24/7. AI platforms also come with a hefty environmental toll. Around the world, AI data centers produce nearly 4% of total greenhouse gas emissions.

These factors are putting AI out of reach of all but the largest corporations, Velasquez said

“Historically, there was a much more level playing field in AI,” he said. “Now, these models are so expensive that you have to be a big tech company to get into the industry.”

In a paper published last month in the journal PNAS Nexus, he and his colleagues say that an approach known as neurosymbolic AI could help to “democratize” the field.

Embraced by a growing number of computer scientists, neurosymbolic AI seeks to mimic some of the complex and (occasionally) logical ways that humans think.

The strategy has been around in some form or another since the 1980s. But the new paper suggests that neurosymbolic AI could help to shrink the size, and cost, of AI platforms thousands of times over—putting these tools within the grasp of a lot more people.

“Biology has shown us that efficient learning is possible,” said Velasquez, who until recently served as a program manager for the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). “Humans don’t need the equivalent of hundreds of millions of dollars of computing power to learn.”

Alvaro Velasquez

Dogs and cats

To understand how neurosymbolic AI works, it first helps to know how engineers build AI models like ChatGPT or Gemini—which rely on a computer architecture known as a “neural network.”

In short, you need a ton of data.

Velasquez gives a basic example of an AI platform that can tell the difference between dogs and cats. If you want to build such a model, you first have to train it by giving it millions of photos of dogs and cats. Over time, your system may be able to label a brand-new photo, say of a Weimaraner wearing a bow tie. It doesn’t know what a dog or a cat is, but it can learn the patterns behind what those animals look like.

The approach can be really effective, Velasquez said, but it also has major limitations.

“If you undertrain your model, the neural network is going to get stuck,” he said. “The naïve solution is you just keep throwing more and more data and computing power at it until, eventually, it gets out of it.”

He and his colleagues think that neurosymbolic AI could get around those hurdles.

Here’s how: You still train your model on data, but you also program it with “symbolic” knowledge, or some of the fundamental rules that govern our world. That might include a detailed description of the anatomy of mammals, the laws of thermodynamics or the logic behind effective human rhetoric. Theoretically, if your AI has a firm grounding in logic and reasoning, it will learn faster and with a lot fewer data.

Not found in nature

One place that could work really well is in the realm of biology, Velasquez said.

Say you want to design an AI model that could discover a brand new kind of cancer drug. Deep learning models would likely struggle to do that—in large part because programmers could only train those models using datasets of molecules that already exist in nature.

“Now, we want that AI to discover a highly novel biology—something that doesn’t exist in nature,” Velasquez said. “That AI model is not going to produce that novel molecule because it’s well outside the distribution of data it was trained on.”

But, using a neurosymbolic approach, programmers could build an AI that grasps the laws of chemistry and physics. It could then draw on those laws to, in a way, imagine what a new kind of cancer medication might look like.

The idea sounds simple, but in practice, it’s devilishly hard to do. In part, that’s because logical rules and neural networks run on completely different computer architectures. Getting the two to talk to each other isn’t easy.

Despite the challenges, Velasquez envisions a future where AI isn’t something that only tech behemoths can afford.

“We’d like to return to the way AI used to be—where anyone could contribute to the state of the art and not have to spend hundreds of millions of dollars,” he said.

Co-authors of the new paper include Neel Bhatt, Ufuk Topcu and Zhangyang Wang at the University of Texas at Austin; Katia Sycara, Simon Stepputtis at Carnegie Mellon University; Sandeep Neema at Vanderbilt University; and Gautam Vallabha at Johns Hopkins University.

The price tag for developing AI models like ChatGPT or Google's Gemini is climbing, putting these tools outside the reach of all but the biggest corporations. An approach called "neurosymbolic" AI could help, says CU 51��ý computer scientist Alvaro Velasquez.

Traditional

White

Advancing super-strong and lightweight carbon-based materials

Megan Maneval — Fri, 30 May 2025 18:05:55 +0000

Advancing super-strong and lightweight carbon-based materials Megan Maneval Fri, 05/30/2025 - 12:05

College of Engineering and Applied Science

Materials researchers are getting a big boost from a new database created by a team led by Hendrik Heinz.

Traditional

White

Tiny robot team could be game-changer for safety inspections

Megan Maneval — Tue, 27 May 2025 20:39:12 +0000

Tiny robot team could be game-changer for safety inspections Megan Maneval Tue, 05/27/2025 - 14:39

College of Engineering and Applied Science

Assistant Professor Kaushik Jayaram, in collaboration with Laura Blumenschein, has received a $1.4 million grant from the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory to develop a tiny robot super team capable of navigating a complex maze of machinery and squeeze through the tightest of spaces—like the guts of a jet engine—to potentially perform non-destructive evaluation faster, cheaper and better than ever before.

Traditional

White

Shaping the future of quantum systems

Megan Maneval — Wed, 21 May 2025 18:10:28 +0000

Shaping the future of quantum systems Megan Maneval Wed, 05/21/2025 - 12:10

College of Engineering and Applied Science

Ramin Ayanzadeh's research focuses on trustworthy quantum computing to enhance the reliability and security of quantum systems. To his knowledge, he's the only faculty member in the region who focuses on quantum software, systems and the architecture of quantum computers.

Traditional

White

AI ghosts are coming: Is that comforting or creepy?

Lisa Marshall — Tue, 20 May 2025 18:50:52 +0000

AI ghosts are coming: Is that comforting or creepy? Lisa Marshall Tue, 05/20/2025 - 12:50

Lisa Marshall

In 2019, a grieving mother named Jang Ji-Sun donned a virtual reality headset and was instantly transported to a grassy field where she spent 10 minutes playing with an AI version of her daughter, Na Yeon, who had died three years earlier of a rare blood disease.

The tearful reunion, viewed more than 36 million times on YouTube, offered a striking sneak peek at how technology might someday transform the way we interact with the dead.

Thanks to the advent of generative AI technologies like ChatGPT, and the emergence of AI “agents” created to act independently on behalf of their creators, that someday is here, according to new CU 51��ý research. And the possibilities are even wilder than many imagined.

“We anticipate that within our lifetimes it may become common practice for people to create custom AI agents to interact with loved ones and the broader world after their death,” writes Jed Brubaker, professor of Information Science, in a new paper titled “Generative Ghosts: Anticipating Benefits and Risks of AI Afterlives.”

Information Science Professor Jed Brubaker

Brubaker has spent much of his career at the intersection of death and technology. His research inspired Facebook’s Legacy Contact, the feature which enables platform users to assign someone to manage their account after they die. In November, he launched the nation’s first Digital Legacy Clinic, which helps people get their digital affairs in order.

For his latest paper, co-authored with Google DeepMind researcher Meredith Ringel Morris, he set out to inventory what’s been done and what’s coming in the nascent “AI afterlives” space. Meanwhile, in his lab on campus, Brubaker and his students have begun beta testing their own "AI ghosts" and conducting experiments to test how people feel about them.

“Today, you might interact with a Facebook memorial page for grandpa after he dies,” he says. “But what would it feel like to actually sit down with grandpa by the fire and have a conversation with him?”

That day may not be far off.

From text-based grief bots to resurrected celebrities

As Brubaker notes, tech-savvy futurists have been dabbling with AI afterlives for years.

After Velvet Underground frontman Lou Reed died in 2013, his partner Laurie Anderson worked with machine learning experts to create a text-based chatbot (trained with Reed’s writings, songs and interviews) that she could converse with. She still uses it frequently.

“I am totally, 100% addicted to this,” Anderson recently told The Guardian.

In 2023, surviving members of The Beatles used AI to release a new song “Now and Then” featuring the deceased John Lennon’s voice singing along with his bandmates.

Just last month, the family of a man shot dead in a road rage incident used AI to create a life-like avatar of him. During an emotional video played in the courtroom, the avatar forgave his killer.

Meanwhile, numerous startups now help the living create posthumous digital versions of themselves: After a lengthy 3D video and interview session, Re;memory will create a “highly realistic AI avatar” to leave behind for family members. HereAfter, an AI app, invites people to record audio stories that the “virtual you” can share after your death.

To some, this all sounds exceedingly creepy.

An AI Chris Pelke addresses his killer in court. Credit: YouTube

But Brubaker points out that photographs were once believed to steal a person’s soul, and online memorials—widely viewed as creepy a decade ago—are now everywhere.

“After time, what’s creepy often becomes commonplace,” he says.

The rise of generative ghosts

Brubaker is most intrigued about what’s coming next: He and his co-author term them “generative ghosts.”

Powered by large language models that can generate and understand human language, and other features that enable them to remember, plan and exhibit other complex human behaviors, they can do far more than regurgitate old stories fed to them by the once-living.

For instance, they could have a conversation with their kids about current events which occurred after their death, write a new song or poem (that their family could potentially earn royalties from), or even help their kids manage their estate.

Right now, most generative ghosts are rudimentary and text based. But ultimately, we could get very close to that candid chat with grandpa by the fire, Brubaker says.

“You could go interact with this super high-fidelity, interactive memorial and, instead of them just reading you some pre-scripted words, you could have an authentic conversation.”

Promise and peril

Brubaker also imagines a day when generative ghosts could be used therapeutically for someone struggling with prolonged grief over a lost loved one.

This was, in fact, the impetus for Jang Ji-Sung’s heart-wrenching reunion with her deceased daughter. (After three years of battling mental health issues, she worked with a South Korean TV network to create a 3D version of Nayeon she could bid a final farewell to.)

Jang Ji-Sung embraces an AI simulation of her daughter.

Generative ghosts could also be used in historical exhibits.

“The last generation of Holocaust survivors will not be with us for much longer, so museums are trying to think of rich, interactive ways to keep their stories alive,” says Brubaker.

Along with such promise, of course, comes peril.

How long should someone interact with an AI ghost before it becomes unhealthy? What role should they play, or not, in the courtroom? What happens when they are created accidentally (e.g., someone creates an AI “agent” to perform other tasks for them and then unexpectedly dies)? How can I be sure no one will make a ghost out of me, against my will?

And when and how should a generative ghost die?

Brubaker doesn’t have the answers. But he hopes his research will get tech companies and policymakers thinking.

“What’s possible and what will actually happen are two different things as we move forward in this AI world,” he says. “When it comes to AI afterlives, we hope to see things move forward in the most ethical, thoughtful and sensitive way possible.”

Within our lifetimes, it could be common for people to interact with life-like digital avatars of the dead. New research explores their promise and peril.

Traditional

South Korean mother Jang Ji-Sun interacts with an AI simulation of her late daughter, Na Yeon. Credit: MBC Media/YouTube

White

South Korean mother Jang Ji-Sun embraces an AI simulation of her late daughter, Na Yeon. Credit: MBC Media/YouTube

Science & Technology

Understanding light-driven production of hydrogen could unlock future insights for harnessing light for chemistry

Related Articles

A common heart failure treatment comes with high risk of stroke. But a new discovery could make it safer

Heart failure, LVADs and the risk of stroke

What this means for the future

Related Articles

New quantum navigation device uses atoms to measure acceleration in 3D

Fingerprints of motion

Planning with computers

Related Articles

Tree rings offer clues to small-population growth

Related Articles

Robots and chemistry aren't just a fun combo—for Carson Bruns, they're the future

Related Articles

To 'democratize' AI, make it work more like a human brain

Dogs and cats

Not found in nature

Related Articles

Advancing super-strong and lightweight carbon-based materials

Related Articles

Tiny robot team could be game-changer for safety inspections

Related Articles

Shaping the future of quantum systems

Related Articles

AI ghosts are coming: Is that comforting or creepy?

From text-based grief bots to resurrected celebrities

The rise of generative ghosts

Promise and peril

Related Articles